Concussion and Brain Health: What You Need to Know

Introduction

A concussion is a common form of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) caused by a sudden impact or force to the head or body. It temporarily disrupts normal brain function and can affect physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Early recognition and appropriate rehabilitation are essential for safe recovery and prevention of long-term complications.

Definition

A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury resulting from a direct or indirect force to the head, leading to transient neurological dysfunction without structural brain damage visible on routine imaging.

Etiology

A concussion commonly occurs due to:

• Sports-related injuries (football, boxing, hockey, cricket)
• Road traffic accidents
• Falls, especially in children and older adults
• Assaults or physical violence
• Workplace or recreational accidents

The injury results from rapid acceleration-deceleration or rotational forces acting on the brain.

Clinical Features

Clinical features vary in severity and duration and may appear immediately or develop hours later:

• Temporary loss of consciousness 
• Slow reaction time
• Altered mental status or confusion
• Trouble concentrating
• Sensitivity to light or noise

Complications

If not managed properly, a concussion may lead to:

• Post-concussion syndrome
• Persistent headaches and dizziness
• Emotional disturbances such as anxiety or depression
• Cognitive and memory deficits
• Increased risk of repeated concussions

Risk Factors

• Participation in contact sports
• Previous history of concussion
• Poor protective equipment use
• Alcohol or substance use
• High-risk occupations
• Young age and elderly population

Physiotherapy Management

Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in concussion rehabilitation, especially for persistent symptoms:

Key physiotherapy interventions include:

• Gradual return-to-activity programs
• Vestibular rehabilitation for dizziness and balance issues
• Postural correction and mobility exercises
• Cervical spine assessment and treatment
• Gait and balance training
• Aerobic conditioning under symptom-limited thresholds
• Education on symptom monitoring and activity pacing

Rehabilitation programs are individualized and follow a stepwise, symptom-guided approach to ensure safe recovery.

Conclusion

A concussion is a mild but potentially serious brain injury that requires timely diagnosis and structured management. A multidisciplinary approach, including physiotherapy, is essential for symptom resolution, safe return to activity, and prevention of long-term complications. Early rehabilitation remarkably improves functional recovery and quality of life.