Introduction: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury commonly results from a fall from height with the knee in flexion and the body rotating on the stationary foot. This results in abnormal internal rotation of it tibia. Similarly, hyper flexion or hyperextension with internal rotation of the tibia can also produce it. Mechanism of injury: Anterior Cruciate Ligament …
Introduction: Meniscal injuries are among the most common knee problems, affecting individuals of all ages and activity levels. These crucial structures play a important role in knee function and understanding their injuries is key to effective management and recovery. Etiology: Meniscal tear can be broadly categorized by their cause: Mechanism of Injury: Signs & Symptoms: …
Introduction: Charcot Knee is the chronic, progressive, non-infectious destruction of bone and joints, in patients with peripheral neuropathy, as first described by William Musgrave in 1703 . Charcot neuroarthropathy of the knee (CK) is a rare and under-researched area, resulting in considerable morbidity. However, it is a common foot and ankle related pathology, especially in …
Introduction: Plantar Apophysitis is a common commmplaint among children, especially those involved in athlets. This disease also known as Sever’s Disease orcalcaneal apophysitis . This condition is the painful inflammation of the calcaneal apophysis caused by repetitive microtrauma on the unossified apophysis due to traction of the achilis Tendon. Definition: Plantar Apophysitis refers to the irritation …
Introduction: Haglund’s Syndrome, often referred to as “pump bump”, is a common condition significant posterior heel pain. It is associated with retrocalcaneal bursitis.It affects individuals across various activity levels, from athletes to those with sedentary lifestyles. Definition: Haglund’s Syndrome is a musculoskeletal condition characterized by a bony enlargement on the posterior heel bones (calcaneus) at the …
Introduction Pes Planus is a foot deformity opposite to pes cavus. Here, the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is dropped downward; thereby, there is a loss of the spring action causing excessive stress over the whole foot during every step. Definition Pes planus is the loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, causing …
Introduction Pes cavus, commonly known as high arches. These deformities of the ankle and foot present in various degrees, from mild to severe. Mild deformities are easily stretchable needing rigid immobilization in a corrected position. Severe ones are rigid. Many a times, these deformities are present in combination. In about 50% of the cases, they …
Introduction Congenital Talipes Equinovarus(CTEV) is one of the commonest congenital anomalies seen. The word talipes is derived from ‘talus’ and ‘pes’ and was applied to those walking on their neglected deformities wherein the talus rested on the ground as the foot (pes). It is characterized by plantar flexion (equinus) at the ankle joint, inversion at …
Introduction Avascular Necrosis Hip stands out due to its progressive charecter and potential for severe joint damage if left unaddressed. This article delves into the various facets of AVN of the hip. Definition Avascular Necrosis Hip (AVN), also called osteonecrosis, is caused by disruption of blood supply to the femoral head. Etiology Avascular Necrosis Hip …
Introduction Perthes disease is also known as Legg–calve–perthes disease, coxa plana,pseudocoxalgia. the disease is self-limiting in nature and the head revascularizes and hardens again after sometime, it never regains the normal shape if deformed. The whole process takes about 2–4 years. Definition Perthes disease is a disease of childhood characterized by avascular necrosis of the …
Introduction It extends from the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the plantar surface of the navicular bone. The ligaments are so arranged that they facilitate certain movements while at the same time check excessive and harmful joint movements. Spring ligament complex injuries or calcaneonavicular ligament injuries refer to stretching sprains, tears, or ruptures of …
Introduction Kyphosis, often perceived as solely a spinal issue, significantly impacts overall posture and movement patterns. The compensatory mechanisms adopted by the body to maintain balance in the presence of kyphosis can place abnormal stresses on various joints, particularly the hips, leading to pain, dysfunction, and even injury. Etiology The primary cause is the altered …
Introduction Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a congenital connective tissue disorder. There is defective collagen production, primarily Type I collagen .This protein is crucial for bone structure, making bones abnormally fragile and prone to fractures with minimal or no trauma. Definition Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a orthopedic abnormality characterized by Decreased osteoid formation and defective type I-collagen …
Introduction Spina Bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly. It falls under the umbrella of neural tube defects (NTDs), which are conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord or spine. Definition Spina bifida, a neural tube defect, is the result of the defective fusion of one or …
Introduction Cauda Equina Syndrome is seen in injuries below the level of first lumbar vertebra. It is essentially an injury to the nerve roots below L1. Compression of these nerves can lead to permanent damage if not promptly treated, making CES a true aesculapian emergency. Etiology Cauda Equina Syndrome most commonly arises from a massive …
