abnormalities

Dystonia: Postural Abnormalities and Therapeutic Interventions

Physiotherapy /
Dystonia

Introduction Dystonia is a chronic neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal movements and postures. These movements can be painful, repetitive, and disabling, remarkably affecting daily activities and quality of life. Early diagnosis and rehabilitation play a crucial role in symptom management. Definition Dystonia is defined as a neurological condition in …

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Spring Ligament Injuries

Physiotherapy /
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Introduction It extends from the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the plantar surface of the navicular bone. The ligaments are so arranged that they facilitate certain movements while at the same time check excessive and harmful joint movements. Spring ligament complex injuries or calcaneonavicular ligament injuries refer to stretching sprains, tears, or ruptures of …

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Schizophrenia

Special Education /
Schizophrenia

Definition of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a serious mental health disorder marked by profound disruptions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), individuals with schizophrenia often experience persistent delusions, hallucinations (commonly hearing voices), disorganized thinking, and impaired functioning across social and occupational domains. Types of Schizophrenia Though now considered part …

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Bipolar Disorder

Special Education /
Bipolar Disorder

Definition of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes in which the person’s mood and activity levels are significantly disturbed, consisting of manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes. Manic episodes involve elevated or irritable mood, over-activity, rapid speech, inflated self-esteem, and a decreased need for sleep. Depressive episodes involve low mood, decreased energy, and …

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 Multiple Disabilities

Special Education /
Multiple disabilities

Definition of Multiple Disabilities Multiple Disabilities refer to the presence of two or more impairments occurring simultaneously—such as intellectual disability combined with blindness, orthopedic impairment, or other conditions. These combined impairments create educational needs that cannot be addressed through programs targeting a single disability. It is important to note that this definition does not include …

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Developmental Delays

Special Education /
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 Definition   Developmental delay occurs when a child does not reach expected milestones in motor, cognitive, social, or emotional skills. According to the World Health Organization, this delay can affect a child’s ability to interact, learn, and function in daily life.   Child Development   Child development encompasses more than physical growth—it includes cognitive, social, and emotional progress. …

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