Asthma

Asthma is a chronic condition that affects the airways, causing them to become inflamed and narrowed, making breathing difficult. It can be triggered by allergens, exercise, cold air, stress, or respiratory infections. Symptoms include:

Causes 

The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Potential causes include:

• Genetics: A family history of asthma or other allergic conditions increases the likelihood of developing asthma.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to allergens, pollution, smoke, or chemicals can contribute to asthma development.
• Respiratory Infections: Severe respiratory infections during early childhood may impact lung function and increase asthma risk.
• Immune System Response: An overactive immune response to allergens and irritants can lead to airway inflammation and asthma symptoms.

Symptoms 

Symptoms vary by individual. Some may experience occasional flare-ups, while others have persistent symptoms. Common signs include:

• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness or pain
• Wheezing, particularly when exhaling (common in children)
• Difficulty sleeping due to breathing issues
• Coughing or wheezing worsened by respiratory infections

Risk factors 

Different factors can trigger asthma attacks, including:

• Airborne allergens (pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, cockroach waste)
• Respiratory infections (colds, flu)
• Physical activity
• Cold or dry air
• Air pollution and smoke
• Certain medications (NSAIDs, beta-blockers)
• Stress and strong emotions
• Food preservatives and sulfites
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Diagnosis and tests OF asthma

Diagnosing asthma involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and lung function tests. Common diagnostic methods include:

• Medical History and Physical Exam: Your doctor will ask about symptoms, triggers, and family history of asthma or allergies.
• Lung Function Tests: These tests measure how well your lungs are working. Common tests include:
  • Spirometry: Measures the amount and speed of air you can exhale.
  • Peak Flow Test: Uses a peak flow meter to measure how hard you can breathe out.
  • Methacholine Challenge Test: A test that involves inhaling a substance that can trigger mild airway constriction to determine sensitivity.
• Allergy Testing: Identifies allergens that may trigger asthma symptoms.
• Imaging Tests: Chest X-rays or CT scans may be used to rule out other lung conditions.
• Exhaled Nitric Oxide Test: Measures the level of nitric oxide in your breath, which can indicate inflammation in the airways.

Physiotherapy management of asthma

Physiotherapy can play an important role in managing asthma by improving lung function, reducing symptoms, and enhancing overall respiratory health. Physiotherapy treatments may include:

• Breathing Exercises: Techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing and pursed-lip breathing help improve lung efficiency and reduce shortness of breath.
• Airway Clearance Techniques: Methods like active cycle breathing and postural drainage assist in clearing mucus from the lungs.
• Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A structured exercise and education program designed to improve lung capacity and overall fitness.
• Manual Therapy: Techniques such as chest physiotherapy and percussion therapy help loosen mucus and improve airflow.
• Posture and Relaxation Training: Maintaining good posture and learning relaxation techniques can help reduce airway constriction and breathing difficulties.
• Exercise Training: Specific exercises can enhance lung function and stamina, reducing the likelihood of asthma attacks triggered by physical activity.