Disorders

Bradykinesia: Understanding Slowness of Movement in Neurological Disorders

Physiotherapy /
Bradykinesia

Introduction Bradykinesia is a prominent motor symptom commonly associated with movement disorders, particularly Parkinson’s disease. It remarkably affects functional independence and quality of life. Early recognition and appropriate rehabilitation are essential to minimize disability and improve daily performance. Definition Bradykinesia refers to the abnormal slowness of voluntary movement and decreased amplitude of repetitive actions. It …

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Tremor Disorders: From Pathophysiology to Physiotherapy Care

Physiotherapy /
tremor

Introduction Tremor is one of the most common movement disorders encountered in clinical practice. It can affect individuals of any age and may interfere with daily activities such as writing, eating, or dressing. Although often benign, tremor may also indicate an underlying neurological condition requiring proper evaluation and management. Definition It is an involuntary, rhythmic, …

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Role of Pleurectomy in Managing Pleural Disorders

Physiotherapy /
Pleurectomy

Introduction Pleurectomy is a surgical procedure involving partial or complete removal of the pleura—the thin membrane lining the lungs and chest wall. It is commonly performed to control recurrent pleural conditions and improve lung expansion. Appropriate postoperative care and physiotherapy are necessary for optimal respiratory recovery. procedure Pleurectomy is a surgical procedure performed under general …

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Congenital Hip Dislocation

Physiotherapy /
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Congenital hip dislocation, now more commonly referred to as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is a condition where a child’s hip joint is improperly formed. This can range from a slightly shallow socket to a completely dislocated hip.It develops  at birth or develops during infancy.it is  More common in girls, first-born children, and breech …

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Eating Disorder

Special Education /
Eating Disorder

Definition of Eating Disorder An eating disorder is a serious mental health condition marked by abnormal eating behaviors that negatively impact a person’s physical health, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life. These disorders often involve an unhealthy obsession with food, body weight, or body image, leading to behaviors like extreme food restriction, binge eating, …

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Physiotherapy Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS)

Physiotherapy /
physiotherapy management of als

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, slowly damages the nerve cells that control muscles. This makes it harder to move, speak, and eventually breathe. While physiotherapy cannot stop the disease but the physiotherapy management of als can make life easier and more comfortable for the person by helping them stay as mobile …

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Phobias

Special Education /
Phobias

Definition of Phobias Phobias are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a type of phobic anxiety disorder. These disorders involve a persistent, excessive, and unreasonable fear or anxiety triggered by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation. The intensity of this fear often leads individuals to avoid the trigger altogether, …

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Special Education /
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Definition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a structured, goal-focused, and time-limited form of psychotherapy. It centers on identifying and changing unhelpful patterns in thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. The core idea behind it is that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are closely connected. When negative thoughts arise, they can influence feelings and …

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Cerebral Palsy

Special Education /
Cerebral Palsy

Definition of Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy (CP)is a lifelong neurological condition that primarily affects movement, posture, and muscle coordination. It typically appears in early childhood and results from damage or abnormal development of the brain. Though not progressive or hereditary, its effects on movement cannot be fully corrected. Types of Cerebral Palsy CP presents in …

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Mental Illness

Special Education /
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Meaning of Mental Illness According to the Persons with Disabilities (P W D) Act, 1995, “Mental Illness” refers to any mental disorder excluding mental retardation. In modern terminology, mental retardation is more appropriately referred to as intellectual disability, and it is treated as a distinct category of disability under the Act. Understanding Mental Illness Mental …

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 Multiple Disabilities

Special Education /
Multiple disabilities

Definition of Multiple Disabilities Multiple Disabilities refer to the presence of two or more impairments occurring simultaneously—such as intellectual disability combined with blindness, orthopedic impairment, or other conditions. These combined impairments create educational needs that cannot be addressed through programs targeting a single disability. It is important to note that this definition does not include …

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Special Education

Special Education /
special education

Special education refers to tailored educational programs designed to meet the unique needs of children with disabilities, learning differences, and special needs. These specialized interventions provide individualized support to help students achieve greater self-sufficiency and success both in school and their communities. Without these specialized services, many students may struggle to access the same opportunities …

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)  

Special Education /
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Definition of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) one of the most common mental disorders, affecting 5–8% of children, primarily boys, and often continuing into adulthood. It impacts learning and daily functioning, characterized by three main features:   Inattention – Difficulty staying focused.   Hyperactivity – Excessive movement, fidgeting, or talking.   Impulsivity – Acting without thinking, often leading …

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Emotional and Behavioral Disorders  

Special Education /
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 Definition   Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (E B D) refer to conditions that impact emotional regulation and behavior, interfering with daily life, relationships, and learning. These include anxiety, depression, A D H D, and conduct disorders.    Characteristics   E B D can be categorized into emotional, behavioral, and cognitive aspects.   1. Emotional Characteristics       Excessive fear, anxiety, or …

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Down’s Syndrome

Special Education /
down's syndrome

Definition  Of Down’s Syndrome Down’s Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this condition results in physical and intellectual developmental delays. Individuals with Down Syndrome often exhibit distinct facial features, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and are at higher risk …

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